Essay on Body Temp and Reaction Time - 1848 Words

Can Your Body Tell the Time of Day? (NOTE: If you have thought of a statistics project that you would prefer to tackle instead of the one described below, contact me. I’ll try to make an equivalent project using your particular topic of interest.) Objective: You will measure how body temperature and reaction time vary throughout the course of a day, as well as related questions. In particular, you must address each of the questions below. ï‚ · Question 1: At what time of the day is the body temperature highest? When is it lowest? How much difference is there? Are body temperatures between midnight and noon significantly different than body temperatures between noon and midnight? Question 2: At what time of the day does reaction time peak?†¦show more content†¦Introduction: In order to stay healthy and to function efficiently, living things must coordinate their internal processes with the external world. The most obvious feature of our environment that most creatur es have to respond to is the daily cycle of light and dark. Biological processes that follow this 24-hour cycle, such as our sleep-wake cycle, are said to follow a circadian rhythm. One of the best-known circadian rhythms in humans is the daily change in body temperature. We tend to be at our coolest in the early morning and at our warmest in the late afternoon and early evening. Other circadian rhythms include hormone levels, alertness, muscle strength, and heart rate. The controlling regulator for these cyclic processes within the body is thought to be the hypothalamus, which is in the brain. Figure 1. Overview of circadian cycles in humans. This diagram depicts some of the circadian patterns that occur in humans. Note that the clock is on a 24-hour cycle, so that 3:30 p.m., for example, is noted as 15:30. The hormone melatonin, which is a key regulator of the internal circadian clock, peaks in concentration at 21:00 (9:00 p.m.). (Wikipedia, 2008.) Data Collection Requirements: You need to collect both measurements of temperature and reaction time throughout the day. Variables of interest must include (but are not limited to): age of participant, gender of participant, time of day measurement isShow MoreRelatedMetabolism : A Machine Fueled By Activity And Temp1287 Words   |  6 PagesActivity and Temp. Introduction What is metabolism? Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. The Major point of this experiment was to see how and if the chemical processes of metabolism could impact body temperature. However first it must be explained what body temperature is actually measuring. When we measure body temp. We are actually measuring the body’s ability to make and give off heat. When our body is hot the bloodRead MoreEnzyme Activity1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe effect of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on Enzyme activity? Purpose: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They break down molecules called substrates. Each enzymes have only one substrate that breaks down. Enzymes are produced in the cells of the body and affect the rate of almost all the chemical reactions which take place in living organisms. The rate of enzymes activity is influenced by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. The purposeRead MoreIntroduction. Circadian Or Diurnal Rhythms Are Metabolic1646 Words   |  7 PagesCircadian or diurnal rhythms are metabolic or behavioural rhythms, in animals and plants, that occur usually within a 24-hour cycle (Abercrombie et al. 1990). The changes in body temperature over the course of a day (24 hours), or in the case of females, over a month, is one of the most documented human circadian rhythms. 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Art Therapy And The Creative Process - 1708 Words

What is art therapy and does it really work? When one thinks of a therapist and an artist you think of two vastly different people. With therapy being a scientific, analytical study and art a very free and creative one, but when the two are combined they create a strong outlet for a lot of youth. Physical and mental health are very serious matters and are both subjects that children may find hard to talk about. Traditional therapy in some cases can have good outcomes, but for children it is easier to visualize their feelings rather that verbally speaking upon them. Children are considered to be visual learners and traditional therapy does not communicate the same way art therapy can. Many studies have shown that introducing art therapy into classrooms and hospitals can improve a child s physical and mental well-being. One may still be wondering â€Å"what is art therapy?† to answer that question, here is a definition â€Å"Art therapy is the application of the visual arts and the creative process within a therapeutic relationship, to support, maintain, and improve the psycho social, physical, cognitive and spiritual health of individuals of all ages.† (Malchiodi, C. (2013).). With all this in mind it is hard to believe that many still do not look at this form of therapy to be taken seriously. To conduct therapy through art you must have an education behind it considering it is a profession in mental health . Some think that art therapy can be done by any artShow MoreRelatedThe Creative Process Of Art Therapy2442 Words   |  10 PagesAccording to the American Art Therapy Association (AATA), Art Therapy is defined as â€Å"the creative process of art making to improve and enhance the physical, mental and emotional well-being of individuals of all ages† (2013). 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Art is the self-expression of someone of something that shows the hidden or underlying emotions that are found within the unconscious mind. Art has been around for centuries (â€Å"Merriam-Webster†). Normally, art would tell stories of past events which were significant to that culture. This could include things such as hunts and sacrifices to please the gods. As people and humanity started to evolve and become more civilized, art started to transform and take on a new appearance as wellRead MoreExpressive Arts Therapy Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesExpressive arts therapy is the use of art modalities, creative process, and aesthetic experience in a therapeutic context. It is a therapy of the imagination (McNiff, 1992). Effective communication is an essential element in therapeutic relationships and, although verbal language is the most conventional means of conveying information, oth er forms can convey just as much as words. The arts are an alternative form of communication that has recently received recognition for their value in therapeutic

The Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the International Business across Borders. Answer: Introduction The foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered as the investment (form of control of the ownership of the business in one country), which is controlled by another entity located in another foreign location (Bilawal et al. 2014). The foreign direct investments encompass the broad range of mergers, acquisitions and the expansion of businesses in foreign countries. The FDI is one of the main parameters that need to be considered for the investment opportunities. There are several emerging markets in the world which has the capability of meeting the standards of a developed nation but are currently considered as developing nation (Salvatore 2014). These include the markets which have enormous potential for future investments and have rapid growth in their gross domestic product (GDP). The emerging markets do possess a hedge capital of over $121 billion. There is a per capita income between 10% and 75% in the emerging countries (Bilawal et al. 2014).These countries are also characteriz ed by tremendous economic growth, which has reduced their income gap with the advanced countries. The selected emerging country for the purpose of this study is Pakistan. There have been tremendous developments in the business marketplace of Pakistan and there has been an increase in the market inflows of the country (around $ 300- $500 million) (Dabla-Norris et al. 2015). The international entities have the option to invest in the Pakistan market as per their foreign portfolio and weight. This report would discuss the different parameters that would determine the profitability of the country for rapid investment. The general overview of the country would be given along with the different political, economic, technological and other factors. The national resources creating competitive advantages would also be underlined. The foreign currency as well as exchange influences would be discussed along with the existing levels of FDI. General Overview of Pakistan The economy of Pakistan is considered as the 24th largest one in the world as per as the purchasing power parity is concerned and it also occupies the 42nd position as per as the nominal gross domestic product is concerned (Finance.gov.pk 2017). The undocumented economy of Pakistan accounts for 36% of the total economy. Pakistan is considered as a developing country which has high potential of becoming the worlds largest economies soon (Finance.gov.pk 2017). The economy of Pakistan is considered as semi-industrialized and the primary export commodities include the leather goods, sports goods, medical instruments and others. The growth areas of Pakistan are located along the Indus river and the several diversified economies of Punjab, Karachi and others (World Bank 2017). The Foreign Exchange Reserves received steady worker remittances, however, there has been growing current deficit, which needs to be improved upon (World Bank 2017). The country is currently in the process of economi c liberalization which includes the privatization of all the government organizations (Finance.gov.pk 2017). This process is aimed at attracting the foreign investments as well as to decrease the various budget deficits. Pakistan has crucial strategic endowments and tremendous development potential (World Bank 2017). There has been an increase in the Pakistans youth population, who has the potential of demographic dividend and there is a challenge for the country to provide them adequate employment and service (World Bank 2017). The country has achieved macroeconomic stability in the last three years. There has been significant reduction in the fiscal deficit of Pakistan and it has reduced from 8 percent to 5 percent (Finance.gov.pk 2017). There are pressures on both external balances and fiscal consolidation.There has been significant reduction in the poverty levels of the region (World Bank 2017). There has been greater decision-making authority that has been bestowed on the provincial governments. PEST analysis of Pakistan It is important to compare the various components of the external environment of Pakistan in order to gain a clearer picture of the country. The PEST analysis of the country is done as under- Political Pakistan has got democratic system and it has got democratically elected government. The political system of Pakistan is not considered as strong enough and it is a weak government (Hussain et al. 2014). There are cases of commission, corruption, money laundering and others, which the government has close connection. The widespread levying of taxes on several products has cause anger among the citizens of the country. Economic The economic situation of Pakistan is poor and experts opine that there have been net losses for the country. The economic growth of Pakistan is considered as slow and the overall purchasing parity of the consumers is considered as low (Myerson 2014). The government has heavy loans from international financial institutions such as World Bank and IMF. The distribution of the income is not uniform and there is a wide gap between the rich and the poor (Hussain et al. 2014). Social The Government of Pakistan allocates the least amount to educational facilities and the health facilities. The retail outlets of the country give environment efficient fuel and take no additional costs from the customers (Hussain et al. 2014). These kinds of fuels play an important role in reducing the exhaust emissions that are caused in the process of greener environment. Technological Pakistan has witnessed significant technological improvement in the industrial sector including the oil and petrol industry (Hussain et al. 2014). There has been stagnant nature of the industrialization of the country. There has been significant rise in the manufacturing technology of the country (Arshad and Ali 2017). National resources and factor endowments which create competitive advantage in Pakistan Pakistan is known for its competencies in home furnishings, textiles, primary products and others. The country has large deposits of copper/gold ore deposits as well as it has large deposits of rock salt (Sohail et al. 2013). The mineral resources of Pakistan are rich and they comprise of limestone, chromite, rock salt, iron ore, fire clay, silica sand and others (Sohail et al. 2013). This kind of national resources makes the country a lucrative place to invest in and utilize the natural resources. Pakistan has high levels of natural gas production and The Sui gas field is considered to be the largest (Khan et al. 2016). The country has abundance of natural resources and it is a country that is blessed with several kinds of fossil fuels. These resources should be utilized well by the country in order to be a successful one. But, there has been instances of political instability, lack of law and corruption that has led to the lack of utilization of the natural resources (Sohail et al. 2013). The country can use these natural resources to create competitive advantage and attract the foreign investors. The competitive advantage of Pakistan can be analyzed with the help of opportunity costs. The country has this advantage as the cost of producing goods in this country is lower than that produced by any other country (Sohail et al. 2013). There are two kinds of factor endowments that are considered such as production parameters and the advanced factors. The country has considerable land for farming and most important crops in the country are cotton, sugarcane, wheat and wheat (Spate and Learmonth 2017). The country has the largest manpower and labor resources, which derives its source from the large population. Around 43% of the population is involved in agriculture and there is a wide debate on the child labor in Pakistan. The advanced parameters focus on the fact that the country has fairly adequate supply of managerial skills, technological know-how as well as good amount of physical infrastructure. Foreign Currency and exchange influences of Pakistan The exchange rate plays a vital role in the international trade markets. It also plays an important part in the globalization as the lower currency rate would enable cheaper exports as well as a higher currency rate would enable expensive export (Bahmani-Oskooee, Iqbal and Nosheen 2016). There is significant devaluation of the Pakistani currency as compared to the other currencies especially US$ (Bahmani-Oskooee, Iqbal and Nosheen 2016). The currency of the country is Rupee and it is managed by the Bank of Pakistan, which is considered as the central financial institution of the country. This institution is trying to do reform in this area and it is planning to tighten the money policy. There are recurring international worker remittances which would help in the creation of foreign exchange reserves (Bahmani-Oskooee, Iqbal and Nosheen 2016). Pakistan is successful in maintaining the constant nominal exchange rate throughout 1970 (Khan, Sattar and Rehman 2015). The domestic inflation of the country has exceeded the world price inflation. The government of the country has reported to export subsidies and there has been tightening of the licensing procedures (Bahmani-Oskooee, Iqbal and Nosheen 2016). In the past, the Pakistan Government has resorted to delinking of the currency from dollar and the country has adapted to flexible exchange rate policy. Existing trade policies, barriers, systems of Pakistan The trade balance is an important parameter in the determination of the exchange influences. It can be defined as the difference between the exports and imports of the countries (Bahmani-Oskooee, Iqbal and Nosheen 2016). The trade balance of the country includes both the debit items as well as credit items. The various debit items is inclusive of the foreign aid, domestic investments, imports and others (Mashkoor, Ahmed and Herani 2015). The various credit items include the foreign spending in domestic economy and various levels of export. Pakistan has an external debt of about $45 billion and it is expected to reach around $52 billion once the IMF loan is being sanctioned (Mashkoor, Ahmed and Herani 2015). A large part of the reserve is used for debt servicing. An approximate number of 45 percent of the population lives below the poverty line and hence the country needs to formulate policies that focus on privatization and liberalization. Pakistani exports mainly comprise of the agr icultural goods such as sports goods, rice, leather, textiles and others. The export growth rate of Pakistan is 4.06% and the growth rate of the imports is 1.22% (Khan, Sattar and Rehman 2015). There has been considerable growth in the imports sector of Pakistan as compared to the export policy (Mashkoor, Ahmed and Herani 2015). However, there have been trade deficits of the country and the reason for the oil imports cost can be attributed to the various trade imbalances. The trade policy of Pakistan is biased towards the protection of manufacturing goods in the domestic market and the promotion through the process of export subsidiaries in the external markets (Mashkoor, Ahmed and Herani 2015). The imports of the various manufacturing goods have been subsidized through the use of various restrictions such as quotas, tariffs and the various manufacturing goods export (Malik 2014). The effective rates of protection include the sharp decline of food, cigarettes, chemicals, footwear and others. The current tariff system of Pakistan is considered to be high tariff in spite of the steady growth of the economy (Mashkoor, Ahmed and Herani 2015). The tariff levels as well as non-tariff protection have witnessed significant reduction and the country has medium-trade policy measures. Current standards of Foreign Direct Investment The foreign direct investment in Pakistan is important and the country must pay attention to policies that would attract the different foreign investors (Raza 2015). Pakistan has small inflow of FDI and it is concentrated in only few regions, which is mainly in the power areas. The country lacks the implementation of measures that would attract the FDI investment. Since there is a negative effect of the fact that FDI is concentrated in the power sector, there would be an increase in the remittances by IPP. Pakistan was basically an agricultural country at the time of independence in 1947 and its industrial capacity was small to process the locally produced agricultural raw material (Mashkoor, Ahmed and Herani 2015). The country now has liberal as well as market oriented policies and experts opine that the private sector fosters the economic growth of the country. The FDI in Pakistan has three important elements such as cash brought in, re-invested earnings and capital equipment broug ht in. Pakistan government encourages the FDI investment in the country and hence it has set up an Export Processing Zone (EPZ) in Karachi. It provides various concessions and facilities in the industrial projects. The overseas citizens of the country were exempted from disclosure of the funds origin for investment (Mashkoor, Ahmed and Herani 2015). The country has more liberal FDI policies and it is intended to minimize the difficulties faced by the industries when setting up companies here. There has been more number of deregulation, liberalization and privatization policies, which is implemented to attract the foreign investors in the country. Recommendation Pakistan has huge population which implies that there are sufficient market for the durable and consumer goods. The country should encourage more number of foreign investors from entering into the markets of Pakistan and set up new industries. It would not only increase the inflow of cash in the domestic economy but it would also lead to higher number of employment. The government should focus on improving the economic strength of the company, improving the quality of labor force and have a welcoming attitude for the foreign firms. It should also help the investors in setting up of new firms and gaining initial permits and licenses. The government should set up a special cell for FDI investments which would help the investors who are willing to put money in the country. The country should also try to increase the purchasing power of the people so that they are able to be the source of stability. Conclusion Pakistan has enormous prospects when it comes to investments by foreign investors. The foreign direct investment in Pakistan poses lucrative opportunities and there should be an increase in the policies that fosters FDI. This report explained the general overview of the country and the various economical statistics is discussed. The PEST analysis of the country is being performed along with focus on political, economic, social and technological factors. The various natural resources and factor endowments which create competitive advantage in Pakistan are discussed in detail. The foreign currency and exchange influences of Pakistan are being discussed in detail. The currency of the country is Rupee and it is managed by the Bank of Pakistan, which is considered as the central financial institution of the country. The existing trade policies, barriers, systems of Pakistan are discussed and it provides valuable insights. The current standards of foreign direct investment are being explor ed in detail. It is important to focus on formulating investor friendly national policies that would attract the FDI. References Arshad, N. and Ali, U., 2017. An analysis of the effects of residential uninterpretable power supply systems on Pakistan's power sector.Energy for Sustainable Development,36, pp.16-21. Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Iqbal, J. and Nosheen, M., 2016. Commodity trade between Pakistan and the US: is there evidence of the J-curve?.Applied Economics,48(11), pp.957-965. Bilawal, M., Ibrahim, M., Abbas, A., Shuaib, M., Ahmed, M., Hussain, I. and Fatima, T., 2014. Impact of Exchange Rate on Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan.Advances in Economics and Business,2(6), pp.223-231. Dabla-Norris, M.E., Kochhar, M.K., Suphaphiphat, M.N., Ricka, M.F. and Tsounta, E., 2015.Causes and consequences of income inequality: a global perspective. International Monetary Fund. Finance.gov.pk. (2017).| Ministry of Finance | Government of Pakistan |. [online] Available at: https://www.finance.gov.pk [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Hussain, S., Khattak, J., Rizwan, A. and Latif, A., 2014. Interactive Effects of Ansoff Growth Strategies And Market Environment on Firms Growth.British Journal of Business and Management Research,1(2), pp.68-78. Khan, M.M., Zaman, K., Irfan, D., Awan, U., Ali, G., Kyophilavong, P., Shahbaz, M. and Naseem, I., 2016. Triangular relationship among energy consumption, air pollution and water resources in Pakistan.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.1375-1385. Khan, R.E.A., Sattar, R. and Rehman, H.U., 2015. Effectiveness of exchange rate in Pakistan: causality analysis. Malik, S.U., 2014. Determinants of Currency Depreciation in Pakistan. Mashkoor, A., Ahmed, O. and Herani, D., 2015. The relationship between Foreign Currency trading and Economic Development: A case Study of Pakistan. Myerson, R., 2014. Constitutional structures for a strong democracy: considerations on the government of Pakistan.World Development,53, pp.46-54. Raza, S.A., 2015. Foreign direct investment, workers remittances and private saving in Pakistan: an ARDL bound testing approach.Journal of Business Economics and Management,16(6), pp.1216-1234. Salvatore, D. ed., 2014.National Trade Policies. Elsevier. Sohail, M.T., Huang, D., Bailey, E., Akhtar, M.M. and Talib, M.A., 2013. Regulatory framework of mineral resources sector in Pakistan and investment proposal to Chinese Companies in Pakistan.American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,3(05), p.514. Spate, O.H.K. and Learmonth, A.T.A., 2017.India and Pakistan: A general and regional geography(Vol. 12). Routledge. World Bank. (2017).World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, Sustainability. [online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Bibliography Bibi, S., Ahmad, S.T. and Rashid, H., 2014. Impact of Trade Openness, FDI, Exchange Rate and Inflation on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan.International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting,4(2), p.236. Gul, S., Mohammad, I. and Amin, A., 2015. Need and Economic Impact Specific Empirical Assessment of Foreign Capital Inflows to Less Developed Countries (A Case Of Pakistan: 1981-2012).FWU Journal of Social Sciences,9(1), p.141. Iqbal, N. and Fengju, X., 2016. Impact of Exchange Rate, Relative Per Capita Income and Relative GDP on China-Pakistan Bilateral Trade.INNOVATION AND MANAGEMENT, p.1745. Jalil, A., Tariq, R. and Bibi, N., 2014. Fiscal deficit and inflation: New evidences from Pakistan using a bounds testing approach.Economic Modelling,37, pp.120-126. Mubeen, R., Nazam, M., Batool, A., Akram, S. and Ishtiaq, M., 2016. Impact of Foreign Remittances on Financial Development of Pakistan.American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS),26(4), pp.54-65.

Stress Essays - Stress, Acute Stress Reaction, Norepinephrine

Stress This research paper explains stress and its causes and cures. The research paper will attempt to determine whether there is an effective way to cure stress. Stress is an integral part of life. The complete absence of any stress results in death. Stress plays a key role in daily life, influencing - if not governing - happiness, productivity and health. Stress is known to cause various psychiatric disorders involving anxiety and depression, including posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, generalized anxiety, and multiple personality disorders.This research will also attempt to explain ways to cure the illness's caused by Stress. The more stress one puts on thereselves the weaker one's immune system becomes. With a weakened immune system we become susceptible to disease and injury. Stress is an adaptive response. It's the body's reaction to an event that is seen as emotionally disturbing, disquieting, or threatening. To prepare for an event, the body increases its heart rate and blood pressure; more blood is then sent to your heart and muscles, and your respiration rate increases. . In the first stage of stress, alarm, the body mobilizes its "fight or flight" defenses, either to resist the stress-causing factor or adapt to it. In this stage, the pituitary-adrenocortical system pours hormones into the bloodstream. The pulse quickens, the lungs take in more oxygen to fuel the muscles, blood sugar increases to supply added energy, digestion slows, and perspiration increases. In the second stage of stress, resistance, the body begins to repair the incidental damage caused by the arousal in the alarm stage. If the stressful situation is resolved, the stress symptoms vanish. If the stressful situation continues, however, a third stage, exhaustion, sets in, and the body's adaptive energy runs out. This stage can continue until some vital organs are affected, and then disease or even death can occur. There are three types of stress, mental, physical, chemical. These different variations of stress all cause similar effects to one's body. Each of these stresses can come from many sources. Most of these have appeared as a primary threat in our environment. Mental stress occurs from a shock as severe as the death of a loved one or from a simple thing like a faulty alarm clock making one late for work. Physical stress on the body can be caused by anything from not getting adequate sleep to a severe whiplash injury from a car accident. In addition, there is a chemical stress which may come from environmental pollution, the side affects of medications or even consumption of overly refined food. Compounding all this is the tension cycle, in which mental stress triggers physical stress or vice versa, leading to a downward spiral of health and happiness and an increasingly painful series of symptoms. Mental stress and Physical Stress are linked due to the fact that if one has mental stress it can cause physical stress. Man's response to psychological stress differs little from sources of potential physical harm (i.e., with surges of adrenaline, a rise in blood pressure and heart rate, and a 4x increase in blood flow to the muscles needed to fight or run away.) Physical symptoms may include a headache, upset stomach, muscle tension, neck or backache, rapid breathing, sweaty palms, and exhaustion. Mentally, you may feel distracted, have trouble concentrating, be illogical or forgetful, or you may have scary thoughts or feel suspicious. You may become easily irritated and impatient, or you may feel tense, depressed, angry or alone. You may have difficulty sleeping. Chemical Stress, however, is cause from manmade substances or objects. our body to make a certain number and quality of enzymes, antibodies, and hormones. These are the end products. The raw materials to make these end products come from our foods. Lack of a suffiecient diet can cause chemical stress. Chemical stress can also come from pesticides, insecticides, polluted air and water, heavy metals such as mercury or lead, asbestos and artificial food additives. Stress in general causes the immune system to weaken to a great extent. There are many health problems related to diminished immune systems including allergies and susceptibility to different diseases such as fungus and yeast infections. With the premature degeneration the stress will cause an acceleration in the aging and the break down of tissues. Physical consequnces such as cellular damage is caused by highly unstable molecules called free radicals. Because of the highly unstable nature of the "free radicals", they can be extremely toxic and are a primary result of stress that undermine the immune system and threaten health. Ironically, the body's immune system